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介词

介词不在句中独立作成分，其后一般接名词、代词或动词-ing形式，还可接不定式（如except, but）或从句，有时也可接一个介词短语（如from among the trees）。

一、介词的分类

1. 从结构上看，介词可分为：

（1）简单介词，如at, by, for, in, of, on, over, up。

（2）合成介词，如inside, into, throughout, within。

（3）以-ing结尾的介词，如concerning, following, including, regarding。

（4）短语介词，如according to, because of, in regard to, instead of。

2. 从词义看，常见的介词有下列几种：

（1）表示时间，如at, before, between, during, on, since, until。

（2）表示地点，如across, behind, near, off, towards, under, up。

（3）表示原因，如due to, for, with。

（4）表示让步，如despite, in spite of。

（5）表示条件，如but for, in case of, without。

（6）表示手段、方式，如by, in, with。

（7）其它，如against, as for, of。

二、介词与动词、名词和形容词的搭配

1. 动词 介词，如come across, consist of, look after, result from, stick to, wait for。

2. 名词 介词，如devotion to, doubt about, interest in, struggle against。

3. 介词 名词，如by chance, in debt, on purpose。

4. 介词 名词 介词，如by means of, on behalf of, in spite of, in terms of。

5. 形容词 介词，如confident in, different from, fond of, good at, satisfied with。

高考链接

用适当的介词填空。

1. While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it is more effective at lengthening life ________ walking, cycling or swimming.

2. Corn uses less water ________ rice and creates less fertilizer (化肥) runoff.

3. If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum’s home ________ dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.

4. This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) ________ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects …

5. After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree ________ engineering or architecture.

Key: 1. than 2. than 3. for 4. as 5. in

代词

一、代词概述

代词可分为九类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词。

1. 人称代词不仅指人，也可指物，有人称和数的变化。

2. 物主代词可分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。

3. 反身代词在句中可作宾语、表语和同位语。如：

Nancy cut herself while she was chopping vegetables.

Bob is not quite himself today.

Did you want to talk to the chairman himself, or could his personal assistant help you?

4. 指示代词是用来指代或标记人或事物的代词，表示“这个（些）”、“那个（些）”。常用的指示代词有this, that, these, those。

5. 不定代词可分为两类：

a.

b. some, any, both, none, either, neither, all, one, each, many, much, another, other, more, most, few, little等。

6. 相互代词只有each other和one another两个。

7. 疑问代词是用来进行提问、构成特殊疑问句的词，如who, whom, whose, what, which。

8. 连接代词是用来引导名词性从句的词，如who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever。

9. 关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which等。

二、易混代词辨析

1. one, ones, that, those, it

2. both, either, neither, each, all, none

both表示两者都；either表示两者中的任何一个；neither表示两者都不；each表示两者或两者以上的每一个；all表示全部，指三者或三者以上的人或物，也可笼统地表示“一切，所有”；none表示三者或三者以上的人或物的全部否定。如：

Oxford is not far from Stratford, so you can easily visit both in a day.

—Would you like the metal or plastic one?

—Either will do.

They produced two reports, neither of which contained any useful suggestions.

There are four bedrooms, each with its own shower and WC.

He was told to pack up all of his letters and personal belongings.

We have three sons but none of them live nearby.

3. another, other, the other, others, the others

another指不确定数目中的另一个；other指别的人或物；the other指两者中的另一个；others = other 名词，泛指别的人或物；the others指一定范围内其余的人或物（如果被指代的名词是不可数名词，则用the rest）。如：

Would you like another cup of tea?

Other people may disagree but I feel the whole thing has gone far enough.

These trousers are dirty — You’d better wear your other pair.

You may continue on the other side of the paper.

You shouldn’t expect others to do your work for you.

I can’t do the fourth and fifth questions but I’ve done all the others.

Only 55 percent of the raw material is canned. The rest is thrown away, or fed to cows.

4. much, many, (a) few, (a) little

高考链接

在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

1. If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give ________ a try.

2. When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find ________ (they) alive.

3. Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap ________ can be to eat out.

4. “She thought I had hurt ________ (I),” says Pahlsson.

5. On my recent visit, I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by ________ (it) mother.

Key: 1. it 2. them 3. it 4. myself 5. its

数词

数词主要包括基数词、序数词和分数词。基数词是表示数目多少的数词，序数词是表示先后顺序的数词，分数词由基数词和序数词构成。

一、基数词

1. dozen, score, hundred, thousand, million, billion等前有具体数字或several, a few等修饰时，一般用单数；它们的复数形式常后接of短语，表示不确切数目。如：

I make nine hundred dollars a week.

I must have mentioned him dozens of times in my letters.

2. 表示年岁时，用“in one’s 逢十的基数词的复数”，如in her fifties。

3. 表示年代时，用“in the 逢十的基数词的复数”。基数词的复数若用阿拉伯数字表示，可直接加s，也可加’s，如in the 1950s / 1950’s。

二、序数词

1. 序数词前通常要加定冠词the或形容词性物主代词，如the third floor, my first visit to New York。

2. 序数词前也可加不定冠词，表示“再一个，又一次”。如：

You really ought to make the most of the opportunity, because you won’t get a second chance.

三、分数词

1. 分子用基数词表示，分母用序数词表示；除分子为1的情况外，序数词都要用复数形式。如：1/3 one third 2/5 two fifths

2. “分数/百分数 of 名词/代词”作主语时，谓语动词的数与名词或代词的数保持一致。如：

One third of these jobs are held by women.

About 50 percent of his work is to design programmes.

介词、代词、数词专项练习

I. 用适当的介词完成下面短文。

A

Ma Minick had always spoiled her husband. No doubt 1. ________ it. Take, 2. ________ example, the matter of the pillows. Old man Minick liked two plump (圆鼓鼓的) pillows on his side of the great, wide, old-fashioned cherry bed. He would sink 3. ________ them with his muscles relaxed. But in the morning there was always one pillow 4. ________ the floor. He had thrown it there. Ma Minick knew this, naturally, after forty years of his sleeping in the cherry bed. But she never got annoyed with him 5. ________ that extra pillow. Each morning, when she arose, she picked it up 6. ________ her way to the window. Each morning the bed was made up 7. ________ two pillows on his side of it, 8. ________ usual.

B

Dear Gordon,

Many thanks 1. ________ agreeing to stay in the flat while I’m in Wales. I enclose the key. If you lose this key, Mrs Johnson in the flat 2. ________ the ground floor has a spare. If she’s away, the landlord lives 3. ________ the building at the end 4. ________ the street. It’s called Laurel Villa, and he’s Mr Emerson. They both know you’ll be there while I’m away.

The electricity and gas main switches are on the wall at the back of the large cupboard in the study. You can turn the water off 5. ________ the large tap in the bathroom. I hope you won’t need to. I’ve made a list of all the useful phone numbers I can think of. It’s stuck 6. ________ the kitchen door. I hope you’ll have a good time.

Much love,

Shirley

II. 选用方框内合适的代词填空（每个代词限用一次）。

those, it, another, themselves, few, others, whoever, both, me, none, neither, everything

1. On my desk is a photo that my father took of ________ when I was a baby.

2. An average of just 18.75 cm of rain fell last year, making ________ the driest year since California became a state in 1850.

3. Money isn’t ________ because there are some people in your life that matter more.

4. I wish I could offer you some cake but there’s ________ left.

5. Many people expressed concern, but ________ were willing to help.

6. She’d lived in London and Manchester, but she liked ________ and moved to Cambridge.

7. All the kids in this class have learning difficulties of one sort or ________.

8. In some countries, people eat with chopsticks, while in ________, knives and forks.

9. Those who smoke heavily should remind ________ of health, the bad smell and the feelings of other people.

10. At our factory there are a few machines similar to ________ described in this magazine.

11. ________ wants to stay in the European Union must have a child with the nationality of one of the EU member states.

12. It’s an either-or situation — we can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday but we can’t do ________.

III. 用适当的代词完成下面对话。

Jerry: Do you think that we spend too much on space exploration?

Eric: Well, I think that there are a lot of different factors to take into consideration. For instance some countries want to show the rest of the world that 1. ________ are successful and can do this with a space exploration program. 2. ________ seems that 3. ________ is more important for these countries to impress the world than to look after their own people. Sometimes 4. ________ is difficult to understand this because every country in the world has its problems and has poor people that need to be looked after because they can’t look after 5. ________. So, yes, I do think that these countries should look after people first before 6. ________ start trying to send men to the moon! There are too many other problems here on earth that we need to sort out.

IV. 将两栏中的语句搭配成完整的句子。

A

1. He hasn’t forgiven her a. on her to help me.

2. I no longer care b. for what she did.

3. I’m old enough to look c. of managing alone.

4. She’s perfectly capable d. in changing her opinion.

5. He’ll never succeed e. after myself.

6. I’m relying f. about what he thinks.

B

1. The lorry struck violently a. of market stalls.

2. The woman always stands b. into a line of cars.

3. The square was full c. from a local family.

4. The minibus belonged d. on a pedestrian.

5. They borrowed the car e. for what is right.

6. They blamed the accident f. to a group of tourists.

V. 根据括号内的汉语提示补全下面句子（每空一词）。

1. ________ ________ ________ (每三年), scores of students from the foreign language school are sent to Britain to learn English.

2. Nearly ________ ________ (四分之三) of the Earth’s surface is covered with water.

3. Every day in the city ________ ________ ________ ________ (三百多万人) go shopping on the Internet.

4. Early ________ ________ ________ (在二十世纪七十年代) no one had any idea that the woman would become a millionaire by planting flowers.

5. My grandpa looked quite healthy though he was ________ ________ ________ (七十多岁了).

6. According to the rules, if you are ________ ________ ________ ________ (十八岁以下), you aren’t admitted into the club.

责编 | 杨宁

审稿 | 李栋

校稿 | 吕放

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